Klimov A. Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactors

Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1975. — 404 p.The concept of an atom as of a minute indivisible particle of matter arose in the ancient times as an alternative to the concept of the continuous structure of matter. In new times not only has the interest in the atoms of the ancients been retained but atomism has even acquired the feature of a scientific hypothesis. Many naturalists, Newton in particular, adhered to the atomistic concepts. The discovery of real atoms is, however, associated with the name of Dalton, the English scientist, who in 1803 was the first to substantiate a method for determining the relative masses of the atoms of simple substances or atomic masses Ar. Dalton's idea was that the ratio of the masses of two simple substances resulting from decomposition of a compound substance is the ratio of the masses of their atoms if the molecule from the compound substance contains one atom of each simple substance. If the mass of the lightest atom is taken as unity, a scale of the atomic masses can be constructed. It was found that the atomic mass Ar is an individual characteristic of a simple substance, that is, the atoms of simple substances can be distinguished according to their mass. When the conjectural atoms were found to have an experimentally measurable characteristic value which, through its numerical expression, allowed atoms of different substances to be distinguished, atoms became reality and an object of natural science research.Сonstants.
Atomic structure and elementary particles.
Atoms and Atomic Electricity.
Nuclear Structure of the Atom.
Structure of the Atomic Nucleus.
Quantum Mechanics.
Relativity Theory Formulae.
Nuclear Effective Cross-Sections.
Elementary Particles.
Positron.
Neutrino.
Mesons.
Antinucleons.
Antimatter.
Physical properties of atomic nuclei.
Nuclear Charge.
Nucleus Size.
Nuclear Moments.
Nuclear Mass and Bond Energy.
Nuclear Forces.
Nuclear Models.
Excited Nuclear States.
Nuclear transformations.
Radioactivity.
Alpha-Decay.
Beta-Decay.
Nuclear Gamma-Radiation.
Nuclear Reactions.
Heavy Nuclei Fission.
Interaction of moving particles with matter.
Heavy Charged Particles.
Fission Fragments.
Electrons.
Gamma-Quanta.
Neutrons.
Moderation and diffusion of neutrons.
Moderation of Neutrons.
Spectrum of Slowing-Down Neutrons.
Thermal Neutron Diffusion.
Diffusion of Slowing-Down Neutrons.
Nuclear reactor.
Chain Reaction.
Multiplication Factor for Infinite Medium.
Number of Neutrons per Absorption Act.
Thermal Utilization Factor.
Resonance Escape Probability.
Fast Multiplication Factor.
Optimum Parameters of Multiplying Media.
Reactor Critical State.
Neutron Reflector.
Non-Critical Reactor.
Physical processes in actual reactors.
Retention of Criticality in Time.
Nuclear Fuel Conversion.
Radioactive Poisoning of the Reactor.
Temperature Coefficient.
Materials. Biological shielding.
Materials for Nuclear Reactors.
Dosimetry and Shielding.
Reactors of atomic power plants.
Water-Cooled Graphite-Moderated Reactors.
Graphite Gas-Cooled Reactors.
Heavy-Water Reactors.
Light-Water Reactors.
Fast Reactors.
Bibliography.
Index.